江苏省人民政府办公厅


苏政办发〔2008〕93号

江苏省人民政府办公厅关于印发江苏省政府信息公开工作考核办法（试行）等制度的通知

各市、县人民政府，省各委、办、厅、局，省各直属单位：
现将《江苏省政府信息公开工作考核办法（试行）》、《江苏省政府信息公开工作过错责任追究办法（试行）》、《江苏省政府信息公开行政复议办法（试行）》、《江苏省政府信息公开工作社会评议制度（试行）》、《江苏省政府信息发布协调制度（试行）》印发给你们，请结合实际，认真贯彻执行。



二○○八年八月三十日

江苏省政府信息公开工作考核办法（试行）

第一条 为深入推进政府信息公开工作，提高政府信息公开质量和水平，依据《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》（以下简称《条例》）等有关法律、法规和规定，结合本省实际，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于本省各级行政机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织。
第三条 政府信息公开考核应坚持客观公正、科学合理、注重实效、促进工作的原则。
第四条 政府信息公开考核实行分级负责制度。省政府办公厅负责全省政府信息公开考核的组织、协调和指导，对省政府各部门及各市政府信息公开工作进行考核；各市、县（市、区）政府办公室（厅）负责本行政区域政府信息公开考核的组织、协调和指导，对本级政府各部门和下一级政府信息公开工作进行考核。
第五条 政府信息公开考核的标准是：组织机构健全，工作责任明确；公开内容符合规定，更新及时；公开形式实用有效，方便公众；公开制度完善，执行到位；监督机制健全，责任追究落实；公开效果显著，群众评价满意。
第六条 政府信息公开考核的主要内容：
（一）政府信息公开工作的组织推进情况。包括组织领导、机构人员、制度建设、保障措施等。
（二）政府信息公开工作情况。包括公开目录、公开指南编制情况；主动公开的政府信息发布情况；依申请公开政府信息受理、答复情况；保密审查制度执行情况；政府信息公开工作年度报告的编制及发布情况。
（三）政府信息公开载体建设情况。包括政府公报、政府网站等政府信息公开载体建设情况；国家档案馆、公共图书馆等政府信息查阅场所建设情况。
（四）政府信息公开监督情况。包括举报、投诉、行政复议和行政诉讼的处理以及应对情况；实行责任追究的情况；对本级政府部门和下级政府工作指导、监督、检查情况。
第七条 政府信息公开实行量化考核，考核结果分为优秀、良好、合格、不合格4个等次。
第八条 政府信息公开考核采取平时检查与定期考核相结合、重点考核与全面考核相结合的办法。平时考核采取随机的方式，定期考核一般每年组织一次或者与政务公开考核结合起来进行。考核于年底或次年初进行，考核结果于3月底前公布。
第九条 政府信息公开工作定期考核的基本程序是：
（一）各级政府办公室（厅）会同有关部门组成政府信息公开工作考核组。
（二）根据考核要求，结合工作实际，制定具体考核方案并提前下发。
（三）被考核部门根据考核要求进行自查，并形成书面材料报本级政府办公室（厅）。
（四）考核组采取听取情况汇报、查阅相关资料、实地检查、综合评议等方式，对被考核部门进行全面考核。
（五）考核组综合平时检查与定期考核情况，提出初步考核意见，确定考核等次，经本级政府办公室（厅）审定后，以书面形式通知被考核对象。
第十条 政府信息公开考核纳入部门行政效能考核体系。对考核结果优秀的，予以表彰奖励；对考核不合格的，责令限期整改；对整改后仍达不到要求的，给予通报批评。
第十一条 各市、县（市、区）可依据本办法，制定实施细则。
第十二条 教育、医疗卫生、计划生育、供水、供电、供气、供热、环保、公共交通等与人民群众利益密切相关的公共企事业单位信息公开工作考核，参照本办法执行。
第十三条 本办法自下发之日起施行。


江苏省政府信息公开工作
过错责任追究办法（试行）

第一条 为了促进政府信息公开工作规范有效进行，加强对违反政府信息公开规定行为的责任追究，根据《中华人民共和国行政监察法》、《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》、《行政机关公务员处分条例》等法律、法规，结合本省实际，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于本省各级行政机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织（以下简称行政机关）及其工作人员。
第三条 政府信息公开责任追究，坚持实事求是、有错必究、惩处与教育相结合、追究责任与改进工作相结合、过错与责任相适应的原则。
第四条 行政机关及其工作人员有下列情形之一的，依法追究责任：
（一）不及时编制、公布、更新本行政机关的政府信息公开指南和政府信息公开目录的；
（二）未按照法定的公开范围公开政府信息或者公开不应当公开的政府信息的；
（三）未按照规定的期限公开政府信息或者不及时更新已公开的政府信息的；
（四）对公民、法人或者其他组织要求提供政府信息的申请，无正当理由不受理，或者对应当提供的政府信息不提供的；
（五）违反政府信息公开工作程序的；
（六）未建立健全保密审查机制，不履行保密审查义务的；
（七）违反规定收取费用或者通过其他组织、个人以有偿服务方式提供政府信息的；
（八）公开的政府信息内容不真实或者虚假公开的；
（九）拒绝、阻挠、干扰依法对政府信息公开工作进行监督检查或者不落实监督检查决定、要求的；
（十）违反政府信息公开有关规定的其他行为。
第五条 实施政府信息公开责任追究的方式，包括：
（一）诫勉谈话；
（二）责令改正；
（三）通报批评；
（四）行政处分；
（五）法律、法规规定的其他方式。
前款所列责任追究方式，可以单独使用，也可以合并使用。
第六条 行政机关违反信息公开规定，由监察机关、上一级行政机关根据职责和权限，按照以下规定追究责任：
（一）情节较轻的，责令改正，对有关责任人员给予诫勉谈话；
（二）情节较重的，责令改正，必要时给予通报批评，对有关责任人员依法给予行政处分。
第七条 有关责任人员包括：
（一）在职责范围内，对直接负责的政府信息公开工作不履行或者不正确履行职责，并对造成的影响或者后果起决定性作用的工作人员；
（二）在职责范围内，对直接主管的政府信息公开工作不履行或者不正确履行职责，并对造成的影响或者后果负直接领导责任的领导人员；
（三）在职责范围内，对应管的政府信息公开工作或者参与决定的政府信息公开工作不履行或者不正确履行职责，并对造成的影响或者后果负次要领导责任的领导人员。
第八条 有下列情形之一的，应当从轻、减轻或者免予处理：
（一）问题发生后，主动配合调查处理的；
（二）及时改正错误的；
（三）主动采取措施，有效避免或者挽回损失，或者有效避免社会不良影响发生或者扩大的；
（四）法律、法规规定的其他情形。
第九条 有下列情形之一的，应当从重处理：
（一）推卸、转嫁责任的；
（二）干扰、妨碍调查处理，或者不采取补救措施，致使损失或者不良影响发生或者扩大的；
（三）造成重大经济损失或者严重不良社会影响的；
（四）一年内出现两次或者两次以上应予追究责任的情形的；
（五）法律、法规规定的其他情形。
第十条 实施责任追究，应当充分听取有关责任人员的陈述和申辩。
有关责任人员对行政处分不服的，可以向作出处理决定的机关申请复核，也可以直接向同级公务员主管部门或者监察机关提出申诉。在申请复核或者申诉期间，不停止处理决定的执行。
第十一条 地方各级人民政府以及县级以上地方人民政府工作部门，可以依据本办法，制定实施细则。
第十二条 对教育、医疗卫生、计划生育、供水、供电、供气、供热、环保、公共交通等与人民群众利益密切相关的公共企事业单位违反信息公开工作规定的行为，参照本办法追究责任。
第十三条 本办法自下发之日起施行。


江苏省政府信息公开行政复议办法（试行）

第一条 为保障公民、法人和其他组织依法获取政府信息，根据《中华人民共和国行政复议法》、《中华人民共和国行政复议法实施条例》、《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》（以下简称《条例》）的规定，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称政府信息公开行政复议，是指公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关在政府信息公开工作中的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益，向行政机关提出行政复议申请，行政机关受理、审查、作出行政复议决定的活动。
第三条 公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关在政府信息公开工作中的以下具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益的，可以申请行政复议：
（一）认为行政机关应当依照《条例》第九条规定主动公开而没有公开的；
（二）依照《条例》第十三条规定申请获取相关政府信息，行政机关不予公开的；
（三）认为行政机关公开政府信息违反《条例》第十四条规定，侵犯其商业秘密或者个人隐私的；
（四）认为行政机关没有按照法律规定的方式和程序公开的；
（五）依照《条例》第二十五条第二款规定认为行政机关提供的与其相关的信息记录不准确申请更正，行政机关不予更正的；
（六）认为行政机关提供政府信息违法收取费用的；
（七）认为行政机关在政府信息公开工作中的其他具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益的。
第四条 公民、法人或者其他组织不服政府信息公开的具体行政行为申请行政复议的，应当自知道或者应当知道该具体行政行为之日起六十日内提出行政复议申请。
公民、法人或者其他组织申请行政机关公开政府信息，行政机关未公开的，行政复议申请期限自法律规定的行政机关履行期限届满之日起计算。
因不可抗力或者其他正当理由耽误法定申请期限的，申请期限自障碍消除之日起继续计算。
第五条 申请人不服政府信息公开的具体行政行为申请行政复议超过法定期限，但政府信息公开的具体行政行为确系违法或者不当的，复议机关可以依照职权责令行政机关纠正违法行为或者履行职责。
第六条 行政机关在政府信息公开工作中的具体行政行为对公民、法人或者其他组织的权利、义务可能产生不利影响的，应当告知其申请行政复议的权利、行政复议机关和行政复议申请期限。
第七条 申请人申请行政复议，可以书面申请，也可以口头申请。
口头申请行政复议的，行政复议机构应当当场制作行政复议申请笔录交申请人核对或者向申请人宣读，由申请人签字确认。
第八条 申请人书面申请行政复议的，应当在行政行复议申请书中载明下列事项：
（一）申请人基本情况；
（二）被申请人的名称；
（三）行政复议请求、申请行政复议的主要事实和理由；
（四）申请人签名或者盖章；
（五）申请行政复议的日期。
第九条 申请人认为被申请人不履行政府信息公开法定职责的，应当提供曾经要求被申请人公开政府信息而被申请人未履行的证明材料。
第十条 行政复议机关应当积极受理公民、法人或者其他组织对政府信息公开具体行政行为不服的行政复议申请。除不符合《行政复议法》和《行政复议法实施条例》规定的申请条件的，行政复议机关必须受理。
第十一条 行政复议机关在收到行政复议申请后，应当在五日内进行审查，对不符合规定的行政复议申请，决定不予受理，并书面告知申请人。对符合受理条件，但不属于本机关受理的，应当告知申请人向有关行政复议机关提出。
除前款规定外，行政复议申请自行政复议机关负责法制工作的机构收到之日起即为受理。
行政复议机关受理行政复议申请，不得向申请人收取任何费用。
第十二条 行政复议机关负责法制工作的机构应当自行政复议申请受理之日起七日内，将行政复议申请书副本或者行政复议申请笔录复印件发送被申请人。
被申请人应当自收到申请书副本或者申请笔录复印件之日起十日内，提出书面答复，并提交当初作出具体行政行为的证据、依据和其他有关材料。
第十三条 行政复议决定作出前，申请人要求撤回行政复议申请的，经说明理由，可以撤回；撤回行政复议申请的，行政复议终止。
申请人撤回行政复议申请的，不得再以同一事实和理由提出行政复议申请。但是，申请人能够证明撤回行政复议申请违背其真实意思表示的除外。
第十四条 行政复议机关负责法制工作的机构应当对被申请人在政府信息公开工作中的具体行政行为的合法性和合理性进行审查，着重合理性审查。
经行政复议机关的负责人同意或者集体讨论通过后，按照下列规定作出行政复议决定：
（一）具体行政行为认定事实清楚，证据确凿，适用依据正确，程序合法，内容适当的，决定维持。
（二）被申请人不履行法定职责的，决定其在一定期限内履行。
（三）具体行政行为有下列情形之一的，决定撤销、变更或者确认该具体行政行为违法；决定撤销或者确认该具体行政行为违法的，可以责令被申请人在一定期限内重新作出具体行政行为：
1．主要事实不清、证据不足的；
2．适用依据错误的；
3．违反法定程序的；
4．超越或者滥用职权的；
5．具体行政行为明显不当的。
第十五条 被申请人未依照行政复议法的规定提出书面答复、提交当初作出具体行政行为的证据、依据和其他有关材料的，视为该具体行政行为没有证据、依据，行政复议机关应当决定撤销该具体行政行为。
第十六条 申请人认为被申请人不履行政府信息公开法定职责申请行政复议，行政复议机关受理后发现该政府信息公开不是被申请人法定职责或者在受理前被申请人已公开政府信息的，行政复议机关应当决定驳回行政复议申请。
第十七条　行政复议机关应当自受理申请之日起六十日内作出行政复议决定。情况复杂，不能在规定期限内作出行政复议决定的，经行政复议机关的负责人批准，可以延长，并告知申请人和被申请人。但延长期限最多不超过三十日。
第十八条 行政复议机关作出行政复议决定，应当制作行政复议决定书，并加盖印章。
行政复议决定书一经送达，即发生法律效力。
第十九条　被申请人应当履行行政复议决定。
被申请人不履行或者无正当理由拖延履行行政复议决定的，行政复议机关或者有关上级行政机关应当责令其限期履行。
第二十条 本办法自下发之日起施行。


江苏省政府信息公开工作社会评议制度（试行）

为加强对政府信息公开工作的社会监督，更好地保障公民、法人和其他组织依法获取政府信息，充分发挥政府信息服务人民群众生产、生活和经济社会活动的作用，依据《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》（以下简称《条例》）和有关法律、法规和规定，结合本省实际，制定本制度。
一、本制度适用于本省各级行政机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织。
二、政府信息公开工作社会评议必须坚持群众参与、客观公正、注重实效、促进工作的原则。
三、评议的重点主要包括以下五个方面：
（一）公开内容：依照《条例》的规定，公开的内容是否全面、真实、准确。
（二）公开形式：公开形式是否便捷有效，是否方便公众获取。
（三）公开程序和时限：公开程序是否符合规定，是否按时限要求及时公开。
（四）公开制度：公开制度是否具有实用性和可操作性，是否规范健全并落实到位。
（五）公开效果：是否得到基层和公众的认可，是否保证了公众的知情权、参与权和监督权。
四、评议主要采取以下方式：
（一）公众评议：根据评议内容和群众反映的热点问题，设计问卷调查表，通过政府门户网站或其他渠道公布，供公众评议。
（二）代表评议：邀请人大代表、政协委员、新闻媒体、社会监督员和群众代表等进行评议。
五、评议等次分为满意、基本满意和不满意。评议结果作为政府信息公开工作考核的重要依据之一。
六、评议活动由各级政府办公室（厅）组织实施。评议活动一般每年组织一次，评议情况须及时报上一级政府办公室（厅）。评议结果应书面反馈被评议单位，并采取适当形式通报。
七、对评议中提出的合理意见和建议，应及时进行整改；未及时整改或整改不力的，按《江苏省政府信息公开工作过错责任追究暂行办法（试行）》的规定追究有关单位和人员的责任。整改情况以网上公告、寄发函件、上门走访等方式进行反馈。
八、教育、医疗卫生、计划生育、供水、供电、供气、供热、环保、公共交通等与人民群众利益密切相关的公共企事业单位的信息公开工作的社会评议，参照本制度执行。
九、本制度自下发之日起施行。


江苏省政府信息发布协调制度（试行）

为保证政府信息发布的权威性、规范性和一致性，根据《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》等有关法律、法规和规定，结合本省实际，制定本制度。
一、本制度适用于本省各级行政机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织（以下简称行政机关）。
二、行政机关发布主动公开的政府信息，应当遵循“谁制作、谁公开，谁保存、谁公开”的原则。行政机关制作的政府信息，由制作该政府信息的行政机关负责公开。行政机关依据职权从公民、法人或者其他组织获取的政府信息，由保存该信息的行政机关负责公开。法律、法规和本省有关规定对政府信息发布主体有明确规定的，从其规定。
三、两个以上行政机关共同生成的需对外公布的政府信息，由组织生成该信息的单位负责向公众公开，其他单位不得对该信息进行发布。对于两个以上行政机关联合发文产生的政府信息，公民、法人和其他组织可以向其中任何一个行政机关申请获取该政府信息。
四、行政机关发布有关农产品质量安全状况、重大传染病疫情、重大动物疫情、重要地理信息数据、统计信息等法律、法规和国家有关规定明确需要审批的政府信息，应当严格按照规定和程序报请相关业务主管部门审批，未经审批的信息不得发布。
五、拟发布信息涉及其他行政机关工作内容，发布后可能对其工作产生影响的，拟公开政府信息的行政机关应在信息发布前向所涉及单位书面征求意见。被征求意见的行政机关应在5个工作日内予以书面回复；未在规定期限内答复的，视为同意公开该政府信息；回复不同意的，拟发布机关认为仍需公开的，应报请同级政府信息公开主管部门协调解决。
六、教育、医疗卫生、计划生育、供水、供电、供气、供热、环保、公共交通等与人民群众利益密切相关的公共企事业单位的信息发布协调，参照本制度执行。
七、本制度自下发之日起施行。


The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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