浅析缔约过失责任

王胜宇


　　一、缔约过失责任的概念
　　何谓缔约过失责任，学者们的归纳不一。但本质上没有什么区别大多数都认可缔约过失是指缔约一方当事人，违反依诚实信用原则所应承担的先合同义务，而造成对方信赖利益上的损失时所应承担的民事赔偿责任。笔者认为所谓缔同约过失责任，是指在合同缔结过程中，一方因违背其依据诚实信用原则所应尽的义务，而致使一方的信赖利益遭受损失时，所应承担的民事责任。我国《民法通则》第61条规定：“民事行为被确认为无效或者被撤销后，当事人因该行为取得的财产，应当返还给受损失的一方。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受的损失，双方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。”该条的规定与缔约过失责任极为相似，但它并非是完整意义上的缔约过失责任该条只作了抽象的一般表述，这不免在实践中产生　对缔约过失责任理解上的偏差和歧异，大大降低了该责任的可适用性和操作性，其对在合同未成立时是否应承担缔约过失责任也未作明确规定。
　　原来的三部合同法(即《经济合同法》、《涉外经济合同法》、《技术合同法》)中也未在具体条款上对缔约过失责任作出明确而特别的规定。直到1999年颁布的《合同法》才系统地规定了缔约过失责任，从而完善了合同责任制度，弥补了《民法通则》的不足。为今后在缔约过程中产生的经济纠纷提供了明确的责任认定依据，司法部门对过错方进行处罚，为保护无过失方的利益提供了法律保障。
　　二、缔约过失责任的特点和构成要件
　　（一）缔约过失责任的特点：
　　1、缔约过失责任产生于缔结合同过程中
　　缔约过程何时产生，何时终结，理论界存在很大的争议。一种观点以为，应以要约生效作起点。这主要是因为要约以到达受要约人时生效，此时要约才对要约人和受要约人产生拘束力，双方才进入特定的信赖领域。双方只有在此情况下，才可能基于信赖对方而作出缔约合同的必要准备等实质性工作，对于违反先合同义务进行制裁才有实际意义。另一种观点认为，由于缔约过程是不断变化的，想要确立一个统一的时间点非常困难，也过于僵硬。因此，应根据不同的先合同义务，设立不同的、灵活的、可变动的时间点为合理，而设立的总根据是彼此间信赖的产生。我认为，缔约应是一种双边的行为，缔约双方必须产生某种订约上的联系，如实际的接触、磋商等，并由此在缔约双方之间产生一种信赖关系，此时双方才能由消极的义务范畴进入积极义务范畴。在此阶段如缔约一方违反先合同义务对相对方构成损害，才能产生缔约过失责任。故缔约过失责任应以要约生效为起始。要约未生效，无从查明双方之间具有缔约上的实际联系，双方不能产生缔约上的注意义务，缔约过失责任亦无从谈起。缔约过失责任至合同成立时归于消灭。
　　缔约过失责任始于要约生效，止于合同成立。判断应否适用缔约过失责任，关键看缔约方在此阶段有无违反先合同义务而致相对方信赖利益的损失，即合同效力是否在合同成立之前就存在缔约上的瑕疵。以此作为一个评判缔约过失责任的一个重要标准，具有重要的实践意义。如要约邀请，不属于缔约阶段，应不发生缔约过失责任。
　　2、一方违反其依诚实信用原则所应负的先合同义务
　　缔约过失责任是违反义务的法律后果。这种义务不是合同义务，而是先合同义务。这种关系虽不以给付为内容，但依据诚实信用原则，当事人应负有相互协力、通知、说明、照顾、保护等附随义务。缔约过失责任的理论基础，是建立在诚实信用原则基础之上的先契约义务。正是由于缔约当事人在缔约过程中违反了诚实信用原则所应负的先合同义务，才导致既不同于违约责任，又不同于侵权责任的新的责任形态即缔约过失责任的产生，并使它取得独立的地位。我国《合同法》第42条也明确规定“有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为”。应该说，依诚实信用原则所产生的先合同义务，是缔约过失责任的本质所在。
　　3、另一方信赖利益损失。
　　根据“无损失，无责任”原则，缔约过失责任也必须有损失，此种损失应为信赖利益的损失。对于缔约过失责任损失的确定是一个比较棘手的问题，有时确实难以认定，尤其在目前法律没有明确规定的情况下，更难以把握，在司法实践中可能会出现赔偿范围过宽或过窄，甚至漫无边际的现象，也可能出现对同一类型案件有不同的判案结果。所以，信赖利益的损失应限于直接损失，其范围应包括：（1）缔约费用，包括邮电、文印费用、赴订约地域察看标的物所支付的合理费用；（2）履约准备费用，包括为运送标的物或受领对方给付所支付的合理费用，或因信赖合同成立而购租房屋、厂房、机器设备或雇工所支付的费用；（3）因支付上述费用而失去的利息。
　　由于实践中缔约过失行为日益复杂化、多样化，有必要在赔偿损失之外考虑其他责任形式的合理性与可行性，如返还财产、恢复原状，并允许多种责任形式合并适用，以便最大限度的保护受害方的利益。
　　4、弥补性的民事责任。
　　对于这一点，有两种观点。王利明先生认为，主要原因在于尽管缔约过失责任在现行法中已得到确认，但附随义务毕竟不是法律明确规定的义务，而只是法官根据诚实信用原则所解释出来的义务。所以对缔约过失责任的适用范围应当有严格的限定它只能在合同责任和侵权责任难以适用的情况下才能适用。也有学者认为由于缔约过失责任仅产生于合同磋商过程中，只存在对一方信赖利益的损害，故缔约过失责任仅仅寻求一种补偿性的救济。这两种观点从不同角度进行了阐述，都比较可取。
　　（二）缔约过失责任的构成要件：
由于缔约过失责任采取的是过错责任原则，所以其构成要件应当包括客观要件和主观要件这两个方面。具体来说，缔约过失责任的构成要件有以下四个：
　　1、缔约人一方当事人有违反法定附随义务或先合同义务的行为。也就是说，缔约人一方在缔约的过程中，发生了违反法律规定的互相协助、互相照顾、互相告知、互相诚实、互相保密等义务的行为。只有当缔约人一方有上述行为时，才有可能承担缔约过失责任。
　　2、该违反法定附随义务或先合同义务的行为给对方造成了信赖利益的损失。如果没有损失，就不会存在赔偿。当然，这种损失既包括直接损失，也包括间接损失。
　　3、违反法定附随义务或先合同义务一方缔约人在主观上必须存在过错。如果另一缔约人的损失非因对方的过错而是由其它原因造成的，其不得向对方主张缔约过失责任。这里的过错既包括故意也包括过失。
　　４、缔约人一方当事人违反法定附随义务或先合同义务的行为与对方所受到的损失之间必须存在因果关系。如果这二者之间不存在因果关系，则不能让其承担缔约过失责任。
　　以上四个要件缺一不可，否则就不能产生缔约过失责任。
　　例如一案例张某是一个体户，经商多年以后有了一定的积蓄，准备开一个连锁店。于是与甲公司联系，希望获得该公司的连锁经营许可权。甲公司答复，欲获得其经营许可需要在六个月内递交一份详细的计划书，并有20万元的资金投入。张某于是开始为达成该合同做积极准备，他变卖了以前的经营店，筹划合适的新店址，筹集资金和申请了贷款，参加了学习班以学习经营管理经验，并高薪请人撰写了经营计划书。但当五个月后他将订立合同的一切准备工作就绪，向甲公司提出授予专营许可权要求的时候，甲公司却通知他由于该公司进一步规范连锁店经营的考虑，要求新的连锁经营许可被授予人必须投资50万元才可授予。张某认勾价格变动太大，于是拒绝了这种要求。同时他认为甲公司出尔反尔，违反了缔约过程中的　　诚信原则，要求甲公司按原来的条件授予其经营许可或者补偿他为准备订立合同所发生的一切费。
在本案中，甲公司提出的条件不能看作是一个合同的要约。首先，他提出的条件不是针对特定主体的，而是经营管理的一般性规定。其次，他提出的条件内容也不足够具体、确定、完整，他对申请人提出的计划书还要有一个审查的过程。再次，甲公司也没有与张某签订授予经营许可合同的明确缔约意图。所以，也就不存在张某以实际行为承诺的问题，甲公司与张某根本没有达成合意，合同关系并没有成立。但甲公司所提出的条件已使张某产生了合理信赖，张某也基于这种信赖作了大量的准备工作，他变卖了以前的经营店，筹划合适的新店址，筹集资金和申请了贷款，参加了学习班以学习经营管理经验，并高薪请人撰写了经营计划书，甲公司改变原来的授予经营许可条件使得合同未能缔结，而合同未能缔结使得另一方当事人张某基于合理信赖的利益未能实现，付出的工作得不到回报。甲公司在缔约过程中改变授予经营许可条件的行为违反了诚实信用原则，构成客观过失，因而甲公司应当对王某基于合理信赖的利益损失应当负赔偿责任。
　　三、缔约过失责任与违约责任法律概念的关系、
我国合同法第107条将违约责任定义为：当事人不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定的应当承担违约责任，为了保护当事人双方从开始磋商至合同履行完毕过程中的信赖利益、履行利益，而在立法技术上，将缔约过失责任与违约责任统一规定在合同法之中；但缔约过失责任并不是合同责任，它与违约责任是两种性质完全不同的民事责任。在我国，由于民事经济案件常常要涉及缔约过失责任和违约责任的问题，因此，准确区分缔约过失责任与违约责任对于充分保护当事人的合法权益、正确处理民事纠纷，具有重要意义。
　　（一）、缔约过失责任和违约责任的相同点。
缔约过失责任与违约责任尽管是两种性质不同的民事责任，但二者都具有民事责任的一般特征，相比较具有以下相同点：
　　1、责任主体具有相对性。 二者主体都只能是缔约双方当事人，不涉及第三人，也都体现了民事责任的平等性属性。缔约过失责任的承担主体是在缔结合同过程中因故意或过失地违反诚实信用原则而应负的先合同义务的一方当事人，另一权利主体是信赖利益受损的一方当事人，在缔约过失责任中不可能出现第三人，这是因为在缔结合同中只存在要约人与承诺人双方当事人。而违约责任也只能产生在合同当事人之间，不涉及合同之外的当事人，尽管在合同中可能会涉及第三人，但责任承担中也只能是债务人向债权人负担义务与承担责任，这是由合同的相对性决定的。
　　2、责任形式具有财产性。缔约过失和违约责任都表现为一种财产责任，即都是表现为责任人向对方支付一定的货币或者给付一定的财物，充分体现了民事责任是以财产责任为主的法律责任的属性。缔约过失责任中，依《合同法》第42条的规定，给对方造成损失的，责任人应当承担损害赔偿责任；而违约责任中，当事人承担违约责任的形式依据《合同法》第107条、第112条、第114条的规定，主要有继续履行，支付违约金、定金、赔偿金，还有采取补救措施等，分析二者的责任形式可以看出它们都具有财产性的特征。
　　3、责任结果具有补充性。即责任主体的债务人必须弥补或填补因其缔约过失行为或违约行为所造成的损害后果，损害多少或欠付多少，就应赔偿或补偿多少，这也体现了一般民事责任的对待相应的属性。《合同法》第42条充分体现了缔约过失责任的赔偿性特点，该条规定：“当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。”自违约责任最终得以财产责任的形式表现后，赔偿性就成为违约责任的基本特征和属性之一。《合同法》第 107条、第114条第1款的规定都体现了违约责任的赔偿性特征。
　　4、责任承担具有意定性。即两种责任在最后承担上当事人双方可以就损害赔偿的方式、范围、赔偿额计算的方法、赔偿数额的多少进行依法协商，也可以在符合法律规定的条件下酌情减免对方的责任，以非诉讼的和解、调解方式来解决，这些都体现了民事责任是法律允许当事人依法协商议定的法律责任的特性。责任承担的意定性也是合同订立、履行中当事人双方意思自由的具体表现之一。
另外，任何责任都是以法律的强制力为其后盾，保障责任的最后实现，体现国家意志的干涉，缔约过失责任与违约责任也不例外，这一特性也同样贯通缔约过失责任与违约责任。缔结合同的一方当事人故意或过失地违反了先合同义务，另一方有权请求法院 (或仲裁机构)要求对方承担缔约过失责任，同样合同当事人一方不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定时，对方当事人有权要求其承担违约责任。正是凭借人民法院（或仲裁机构）的这种依法赋予的特殊强制力，才能使缔约双方当事人或合同当事人全面、正确的履行义务，保护双方当事人的合法权益。
　　（二）、缔约过失责任与违约责任的区别。
　　缔约过失责任与违约责任是民事责任的两种具体责任，二者都有民事责任的一般特征，有许多相同之处，所以常易混淆，但缔约过失责任与违约责任有着本质的不同，是两种性质不同的民事责任，主要区别体现在：
　　1、产生的根据不同。缔约过失责任是在缔结合同中基于合同不成立、合同无效或被撤销的情形而产生的责任，缔约一方当事人违背以诚实信用原则所应负的通知、说明、协力、忠实、照顾等先合同义务，此时合同并未生效，即未发生合同之效力，因此，缔约过失责任产生的根据是先合同义务。而违约责任则只能产生于已生效的合同，合同已生效，债务人应按合同约定的义务履行，对约定义务的违反，债务人应承担违约责任，因此，违约责任产生的根据是合同义务。
　　2、责任保护的利益不同。缔约过失责任制度在制度设立上最初就是为了保护缔约双方从开始接触、磋商到合同不能成立、合同无效、合同被撤销时双方之间为此而形成一种特殊的信赖关系，并基于这种特殊的信赖关系期望通过合同的订立、履行去实现合同目的过程中产生的信赖利益。所谓信赖利益是指当事人信赖其与对方签订有效合同而产生的利益。对于信赖利益的损失，依民法一般原理应给当事人予以补偿，应承担缔约过失责任；若无缔约过失责任制度，则难以建立对信赖利益的保护制度，从而使当事人在缔约阶段的信赖利益失去法律保护。而违约责任则重在保护合同当事人的履行利益，所谓履行利益是指合同当事人基于合同的生效，实际履行后所获得的利益。合同生效后，对于债务人不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定而使得债权人的履行利益得不到实现时，法律规定或当事人约定债务人对此应承担违约责任。
　　3、责任的性质不同。缔约过失责任具有法定性，它是基于法律的直接规定而产生的，不是以当事人之间的约定产生，并且缔约过失责任的责任形式也是法律规定，即赔偿损失，当事人不能任意选择。而违约责任具有约定性，这是合同法的意思自治原则的体现，当事人可以在合同中约定违约责任的形式，约定违约金及赔偿损失的数额、计算办法等；同时违约责任也具有一定的法定性，如它规定了定金罚则及约定的违约金不得过分高于实际损失赔偿额等。但，违约责任的性质更多的体现在约定性上。
　　4、责任发生的时间不同。缔约过失责任只产生在缔结合同过程中，包括合同成立；在这个过程中，因一方当事人的过错致使合同不能成立，即仍处在要约或承诺阶段，或合同虽已成立但因其合同标的不适法而无效，或因合同虽已成立但因其意思表示的不真实，法律行为不能发生法律效力而被撤销时，当事人已经为订立合同花费了一定的费用或为签订此合同而丧失了其他利益机会，这样立法上为平衡当事人的利益，对信赖利益的保护而创制了缔约过失责任制度。而违约责任只能发生在合同成立后且已生效，如合同已成立但不生效，此时并没有产生合同义务，因而不产生违约责任，只能产生缔约过失责任。合同生效后，债务人开始履行义务，如对合同义务的不履行或履行不符合约定，此时才产生违约责任。
　　5、归责原则不同。缔约过失责任的归责原则应该是过错责任原则，即当事人在订立合同过程中因合同未成立、合同无效或合同被撤销，致使对方信赖利益损失时，应以其过错作为确定责任的要件及确定责任范围的依据。这里包括两层含义：一方面，过错责任原则要求以主观过错作为过错方承担缔约过失责任的构成要件，即确定其承担缔约过失责任不仅要有违反先合同义务的行为致使对方信赖利益的损失，而且缔约方主观上有过错；另一方面，这种过错必须与信赖利益的损失之间有因果关系，以此来确定缔约过失责任的范围。违约责任的归责原则是严格责任原则，即违反合同义务的当事人无论主观上有无过错，均应承担违约责任的归责原则。严格责任原则作为违约责任的归责原则已得到国内学者的普遍认可。立法上在合同法第107条将该原则予以确立。同时，对于某些有名合同规定适用过错责任，如合同法第189条、第191、第320条、第374条、第406条、第425条等，这样形成以严格责任原则为主导，过错责任原则为例外和补充的格局
　　6、构成要件不同。归责原则的不同决定了它们的构成要件不同。缔约过失责任的构成要件主要有：（1）当事人双方必须有缔约行为，即这种行为发生在合同订立阶段；（2）当事人一方必须违背依诚实信用原则所产的法定义务，即先合同义务；（3）主观上必须当事人一方有过错，包括故意和过失；（4）客观上须另一方当事人信赖利益受到损失；（5）当事人主观上的过错与另一方当事人信赖利益的损失之间须有因果关系。上述五个条件须同时具备，才能构成缔约过失责任。违约责任的构成要件分为一般构成要件与特殊构成要件，对于一般构成要件我认为，违约责任的构成要件只有一个，即违约行为，只要当事人一方有违约行为，不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定就应当承担违约责任。违约责任的特殊构成要件因违约责任形式的不同而有所差异，如损害赔偿责任的构成要件有：①违约行为；②损害事实；③违约行为与损害事实之间要有因果关系。
　　7、行为形态不同。对缔约过失责任构成要件中的缔约过失行为的研究，梁慧星先生，王利明先生，崔建远先生对此有较完善的论述，归结起来大致有以下几种：（1）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商（见合同法第42条第1款）；（2）欺诈缔约，即故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或提供虚假情况（见合同法第42条第2款）；（3）违反人格及人格尊严等违背诚实信用原则的缔约行为（见合同法第42条第3款）；（4）擅自变更，撤回要约；（5）违反初步的协议或意向协议或许诺；（6）泄露或不正当地使用商业秘密；（7）订立合同中未尽保护义务而侵害对方人身权、财产权的行为；（8）违反禁止强制订约的义务；（9）缔约之际未尽通知、保密义务等给对方造成损失的缔约过失行为；（10）因一方过错使合同不能成立的行为；（11）因一方违反法律、法规致使合同无效的行为；（12）因一方过错使合同变更后无效的行为；（13）因一方过错使合同被撤销的行为；（14）合同不被追认的无效行为；（15）无权代理而订立合同的行为等。
　　违约行为形态不同学者划分不同 ，有学者将违约行为分为预期违约和实际违约，实际违约又分为不履行合同义务和履行合同义务不符合约定。不履行合同义务又可分为履行不能和拒绝履行。履行义务不符合约定又分为迟延履行、瑕疵给付与提前履行等。
　　8、责任形式不同。缔约过失责任的责任形式只能是赔偿损失，依合同法第42条的规定，当事人在订立合同过程中给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。违约责任的责任形式则很多，合同法在第七章违约责任中主要规定了如下几种责任形式：①继续履行；②采取补救措施；③赔偿损失；④支付违约金；⑤定金罚则；同时，在“合同履行”一章中的第63条规定了针对执行政府定价或政府指导价的合同的价格制裁的违约责任形式。
　　9、赔偿损失的范围不同。缔约过失责任的赔偿的是信赖利益的损失，既包括因他方的缔约过失而导致信赖人的直接财产的减少，如费用的支出，也包括信赖人的财产应当增加而未增加的利益，信赖合同有效而失去的某种应得到的机会。当然，这些利益表现是在缔约时可以预见的范围之内。赔偿应以过错责任原则为依据，适用完全赔偿原则。信赖利益赔偿的结果是使当事人达到合同未曾发生时的状态。违约责任赔偿的是履行利益的损失，即合同成立且生效后，而违约方不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定时给非违约方造成的损失，履行利益赔偿的结果是使当事人达到合同完全履行时的状态。一般而言，相比较违约责任赔偿的范围要比缔约过失责任赔偿范围大。对于赔偿的计算办法、数额等，违约责任可以通过双方当事人协商，也可事前达成合意，但缔约过失的损害赔偿则不能合意事先达成。
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


MARITIME TRAFFIC SAFETY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Second Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 7 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on September 2, 1983, and
effective as of January, 1, 1984)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Inspection and Registration of Vessels
Chapter III Personnel on Vessels and Installations
Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Chapter V Safety Protection
Chapter VI Transport of Dangerous Goods
Chapter VII Rescue from Disasters at Sea
Chapter VIII Salvage and Removal of Sunken and Drifting Objects
Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Chapter X Legal Liability
Chapter XI Special Provisions
Chapter XII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This law is formulated in order to strengthen the control of maritime
traffic; ensure the safety of vessels, installations, human life and
property; and safeguard the rights and interests of the state.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to all vessels, installations and personnel and to
the owners and managers of such vessels and installations that navigate,
berth or operate in the coastal waters of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The harbour superintendence agencies of the People's Republic of China
shall be the competent authorities responsible for the unified supervision
and administration of traffic safety in the coastal waters.

Chapter II Inspection and Registration of Vessels
Article 4
Vessels and their major equipment relating to navigation safety must have
valid technical certificates issued by vessel inspection departments.
Article 5
A vessel must have a certificates showing its nationality, a vessel
registry certificate or a vessel licence.

Chapter III Personnel on Vessels and Installations
Article 6
Vessels shall be manned with qualified crew members according to a
standard quota to ensure the vessels' safety.
Article 7
The captain, chief engineer, pilot, engineers, radio and telephone
operators and similar personnel on board seaplanes or submersibles must
hold valid job certificates. All other crew members must undergo
specialized technical training required for their work.
Article 8
In accordance with state provisions, all installations shall be provided
with personnel who have mastered the techniques of collision avoidance,
signalling, communications, fire control, life-saving and other
operations.
Article 9
All personnel on vessels and installations must observe relevant rules and
regulations concerning maritime traffic safety, follow the operating rules
and ensure the safety of the vessels and installations in navigation,
berthing and operations.

Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Article 10
While navigating, berthing or carrying out operations, vessels and
installations must abide by the relevant laws, administrative statutes and
rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
Article 11
Non-military vessels of foreign nationality may not enter the internal
waters and harbours of the People's Republic of China without the approval
of its competent authorities. However, under unexpected circumstances such
as critical illness of personnel, engine breakdown or the vessels being in
distress or seeking shelter from weather when they do not have the time to
obtain approval, they may, while entering China's internal waters of
harbour, make an emergency report to the competent authorities and shall
obey its directions.
Military vessels of foreign nationality may not enter the territorial
waters of the People's Republic of China without the approval of the
Government of the People's Republic of China.
Article 12
Vessels sailing on international routes that enter and leave the harbours
of the People's Republic of China must accept inspection by the competent
authorities. Vessels of Chinese nationality sailing on domestic routes
that enter and leave such harbours must obtain port entry and departure
visas.
Article 13
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving a harbour of the
People's Republic of China, navigating or shifting berths in the harbour
area, or approaching or leaving mooring points or loading spots outside
the harbour must be navigated by a pilot designated by the competent
authorities.
Article 14
When entering or leaving harbours or passing through controlled traffic
areas, crowded navigable areas or areas where navigational conditions are
restricted, vessels must observe the special regulations promulgated by
the Government of the People's Republic of China or by the competent
authorities.
Article 15
Vessels shall be prohibited from entering or passing through restricted
navigation zones unless specially permitted by the competent authorities.
Article 16
Towing operations on the open sea involving large-sized installations and
mobile platforms must undergo towing inspection conducted by vessel
inspection departments and be reported to the competent authorities for
examination and approval.
Article 17
If the competent authorities finds the actual condition of a vessel to be
not in conformity with what is stated in the vessel's certificates, it
shall have the right to require the vessel to apply for a new inspection
or notify its owner or manager to adopt effective safety measures.
Article 18
If the competent authorities believes that a vessel presents a menace to
the safety of a harbour, it shall have the right to forbid the vessel from
entering the harbour or to order it to leave the harbour.
Article 19
The competent authorities shall have the right to forbid a vessel or an
installation from leaving the harbour or order it to suspend its voyage,
change its route or cease its operations under any one of the following
circumstances:
(1) if it violates any law, administrative statute or other rule or
regulation of the People's Republic of China;
(2) if it is in a condition unsuitable for navigation or towing;
(3) if it was involved in a traffic accident and has not completed the
necessary formalities;
(4) if it has not paid the fees that are due or furnished appropriate
security to the competent authorities or the department concerned: or
(5) if the competent authorities considers that there are other
circumstances that will jeopardize or might jeopardize maritime traffic
safety.

Chapter V Safety Protection
Article 20
Construction operations to be carried out on the surface or underwater in
coastal waters and the demarcation of corresponding safe operation zones
must be reported to the competent authorities for examination and approval
and must be publicly announced. Vessels not involved in the construction
project may not enter the safe operation zones. The construction unit may
not enlarge such zones without authorization. When shore lines are to be
used in harbour areas or when construction work, including overhead
operations, is to be carried out on the sea surface or underwater in such
areas, the plan and a drawing thereof must be submitted to the competent
authorities for examination and approval.
Article 21
The designation of restricted navigation zones in coastal waters must be
approved by the State Council or the competent authorities. However, the
designation of restricted navigation zones for military purposes shall be
approved by the competent department of the state in charge of military
affairs.
The restricted navigation zones shall be announced by the competent
authorities.
Article 22
Without the approval of the competent authorities, no installations may be
established or constructed, nor may any activities that hinder
navigational safety be carried out in harbour areas, anchorages,
navigation lanes, or crowded navigable areas, as well as in navigation
routes announced by the competent authorities.
With respect to any installations which have been established or
constructed in the above-mentioned areas without authorization, the
competent authorities shall have the right to order their owners to remove
or dismantle the installations within a given period of time.
Article 23
It shall be forbidden to damage navigation aids or navigational
facilities. Whoever has damaged navigation aids or navigational facilities
shall immediately report the damage to the competent authorities and be
liable for compensation.
Article 24
Vessels and installations shall promptly make a report to the competent
authorities if they discover any of the following situations:
(1) If navigation aids or navigational facilities malfunction or become
abnormal;
(2) if an obstacle or drifting object jeopardizing the safety of
navigation is discovered; or
(3) if there are other abnormal situations jeopardizing the safety of
navigation.
Article 25
No obstacle affecting the efficacy of navigation aids may be erected or
installed in areas surrounding the aids. Any lights in the vicinity of the
navigation aids or navigational lanes that jeopardize navigation safety
shall be properly screened.
Article 26
When removing or dismantling installations, salvaging or removing sunken
ships or objects, and handling the finishing operations of underwater
projects, no hidden dangers shall be left to menace navigational or
operational safety. Before the aforesaid operations have been properly
completed, their owners or managers must be responsible for erecting
markers as required and making an accurate report to the competent
authority on the type, shape, size and location of the obstacle and the
depth of water over it.
Article 27
Safety administration must be strengthened with respect to harbour
wharves, mooring points and loading spots outside of harbour areas as well
as ship locks, so that they are always kept in good condition.
Article 28
To meet the requirements of maritime traffic safety, the competent
authority shall fix and adjust traffic control areas and harbour
anchorages. The designation of anchorages outside of harbour areas shall
be announced by the competent authority after the report relative thereto
has been submitted to and approved by higher authorities.
Article 29
The competent authorities shall, in accordance with relevant provisions of
the state, be responsible for issuing navigational warnings and
navigational notices.
Article 30
In order to ensure the safety of navigation, berthing and operations, the
departments concerned shall maintain unimpeded communications facilities,
ensure distinct and effective navigation aids and navigational facilities
and, in a timely manner, provide offshore meteorological forecasts and
necessary books and reference materials concerning maritime navigation.
Article 31
When vessels and installations are involved in accidents that jeopardize
or may jeopardize traffic safety, the competent authorities shall have the
right to take necessary, compulsory measures to deal with the matter.

Chapter VI Transport of Dangerous Goods
Article 32
When vessels or installations store, load, unload or transport dangerous
goods, they must maintain safe and reliable equipment and conditions and
observe the state provisions governing the control and transport of
dangerous goods.
Article 33
When vessels load and transport dangerous goods, they must go through the
procedures for declaration to the competent authorities and they may not
enter or leave the harbour or load or unload until approval has been
obtained.

Chapter VII Rescue from Disasters at Sea
Article 34
When vessels, installations or aircraft are in distress, they shall, in
addition to issuing distress signals calling for help, use the quickest
method possible to report to the competent authorities the time and place
of the accident, the extent of damage, the assistance required and the
cause of the accident.
Article 35
Vessels, installations or aircraft in distress and their owners or mangers
shall take all effective measures to organize their own rescue efforts.
Article 36
When vessels or installations in the vicinity of the scene of an accident
receive a distress signal or discover that people's lives are endangered,
they shall do their best to rescue the people in distress insofar as their
own safety is not seriously endangered, and promptly report to the
competent authorities the situation at the scene, their own names, call
numbers and positions.
Article 37
Vessels or installations involved in a collision shall exchange their
names, nationalities and ports of registry and do their best to rescue
personnel in distress. The vessels involved may not leave the scene of
the accident without authorization, insofar as their own safety is not
seriously endangered.
Article 38
Upon receiving a request for rescue, the competent authorities shall
immediately organize a rescue operation. All units concerned and vessels
or installations in the vicinity of the scene must act under the orders of
the competent authorities.
Article 39
When a foreign country intends to dispatch vessels or aircraft into the
territorial waters or the airspace over the territorial waters of the
People's Republic of China to search for and rescue vessels or people in
distress, it must obtain the approval of the competent [Chinese]
authorities.

Chapter VIII Salvage and Removal of Sunken and Drifting Objects
Article 40
With respect to sunken or drifting objects that may affect the safety of
navigation and the management of navigation lanes, as well as those
constituting a threat of explosion, the owners or managers thereof shall
salvage and remove such objects within a deadline set by the competent
authorities. Otherwise, the competent authorities shall have the right to
take measures to compel the salvage and removal of the objects, and their
owners or managers shall bear all the expenses incurred thereby.
The provisions of this Article shall not prejudice the rights of the
owners or managers of the sunken or drifting objects to demand
compensation from third parties.
Article 41
No sunken vessels or sunken objects in the coastal waters may be salvaged
or dismantled without the approval of the competent authorities.

Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Article 42
Any vessel or installation involved in a traffic accident shall submit a
written accident report and relative materials to the competent
authorities and accept its investigation and handling of the accident.
While being investigated by the competent authorities the parties involved
in the accident and relevant personnel must give a truthful account of
circumstances at the scene of the accident and other relevant information.
Article 43
In the event of a traffic accident that involves a vessel or installation,
the competent authorities shall ascertain the cause of the accident and
fix the responsibility for it.

Chapter X Legal Liability
Article 44
The competent authorities shall, in the light of the circumstances, impose
one or more of the following penalties on anyone who violates this Law:
(1) warnings;
(2) withholding or revoking work certificates; or
(3) fines.
Article 45
If a party does not accept the penalty of a fine or revocation of his work
certificate imposed by the competent authorities, he may bring suit in a
people's court within 15 days after receiving notification of the penalty.
If he neither brings suit nor complies with the penalty upon the
expiration of that period, the competent authorities shall request
compulsory enforcement from the people's court.
Article 46
A civil dispute arising from a maritime traffic accident may be settled
through mediation by the competent authorities. If the parties are
unwilling to have the case mediated or if the mediation is unsuccessful,
the parties may bring suit in the people's court. Parties to a case
involving foreign interests may also submit the case to an arbitration
agency for mediation, in accordance with the written agreement concluded
between them.
Article 47
Those whose violation of this Law constitutes a crime shall be
investigated for their criminal responsibility by judicial organs in
accordance with the Law.

Chapter XI Special Provisions
Article 48
Within the waters of fishing harbours, the state fisheries administration
and fishing harbour superintendence agencies shall exercise the functions
and powers of the competent authorities as provided in this Law, being
responsible for the supervision and administration of traffic safety and
for the investigation and handling of traffic accidents between fishing
vessels in coastal waters. Concrete measures for implementation shall be
separately prescribed by the State Council.
Article 49
The internal administration of offshore military jurisdictional areas and
military vessels and installations, the administration of surface and
underwater operations carried out for military purposes, and the
inspection and registration of public security vessels, the provision of
their personnel and the issuing of their port entry and departure visas
shall be separately prescribed by the relevant competent departments of
the state in accordance with this Law.

Chapter XII Supplementary Provisions
Article 50
For the purpose of this Law, the definitions of the following terms are:
"Coastal waters" means the harbours, inland waters, territorial waters and
all other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the state along the seacoast
of the People's Republic of China.
"Vessels" means all types of displacement or non-displacement ships,
rafts, seaplanes, submersibles and mobile platforms.
"Installations" means all types of surface and underwater structures or
installations, whether fixed or floating, and fixed platforms.
"Operations" means investigations, exploration, exploitation, survey
construction, dredging, demolition, rescue, salvage, towing, fishing,
aquatic breeding, loading and unloading, scientific experimentation and
other surface and underwater operations.
Article 51
The competent department of the State Council shall, on the basis of this
Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which shall go into effect
after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 52
In cases of conflict between laws and regulations pertaining to maritime
traffic safety hitherto promulgated and this Law, this Law shall prevail.
Article 53
This Law shall go into effect on January 1, 1984.




Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.